Infectious diseases • A specific pathogen is responsible for the diseases. Paddy/rice Rice is a cereal grain. (3) Plants are stunted, and roots are scanty. (2) The midrib at the base of growing leaves is sometimes chlorotic. Zinc deficiency symptom in rice is known as ‘Khaira disease? Khaira disease of paddy - Zn deficiency 2. Planting of resistant varieties against tungro virus disease is the most economical means of managing the disease. In India, diseases due to zinc deficiency or non-availability have been reported in paddy, citrus, guava, maize, wheat, and coffee. Fungal diseases; Aggregate sheath Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae [anamorph] . Disease can infect paddy at all growth stages and all aerial parts of plant (Leaf, neck and node). Among the three leaves and neck infections are more severe. Khaira disease. Zinc deficiency is not common in acid soils of coastal region but it can be observed in saline situations. Khaira disease of rice frequently occurring in ‘terai’ belt of Uttar Pradesh is a typical example of a disease appearing due to reduced availability or non-availability of zinc. Khaira disease of paddy: Cause : Due to Zinc deficiency in soil or non-availability of Zinc to plants. Soaking rice seed and seedlings in solutions of 0.2-0.8% ZnSO4 for 12 or 24 h increased the paddy yield and the number of fertile tillers/plant. Root rot of castor. Rice is the third highest agricultural commodity in worldwide production. 2. They also transmit grassy stunt virus disease of paddy. False smut of paddy: ... symptoms of wilt: Wilt of castor: 2. Rice is the most extensively consumed staple food of human. Black horse riding Curvularia lunata Cochliobolus lunatus [teleomorph] . Rice Diseases and Symptoms: Rice is the major food crop in Asia. Nevertheless, an IRRI report by the International Rice Research Institute shows an average worldwide loss of 37 percent of rice yield due to pests and diseases. The important symptoms of Khaira disease are-(1) Discoloration of lower leaves (brown streaks and blotches) occurring two weeks after transplanting. 3. Symptoms of Paddy stem borer Stem borer can attack the paddy crop at a stage from seedling to the crop maturity A typical symptom of stem borer attack is the dead heart that means when the upon tillers, the central tiller dry during the vegetative stage and cause whiteheads at the reproductive stage of the crop. Incubation period – 6-12 days. Deficiency symptoms : Management. The un-milled rice is known as “paddy“. False smut of paddy. It is the seeds of Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Nymph-nymphal period of 15 days, 4 to 5 moults. Use Resistant varieties like IR 36, IR 50 ,ADT 37, Ponmani, Co 45, Co 48, Surekha, Vikramarya, Bharani, IR 36 and white ponni . It is the staple food in most states, particularly in India. Very high infestation causes lodging of the crop. With both seeds and seedlings, the best treatment was soaking in 0.4% ZnSO4 for 24 h. Cercospora leaf spot of castor. It is the major staple food in Asia. Small specks originate on leaves - subsequently enlarge into spindle shaped spots(0.5 to 1.5cm length, 0.3 to 0.5cm width) with ashy center. • diseases are infectious, contagious and transmittable Koch's postulates are: 1. The pathogen must show constant association with the disease. Life History: Eggs about 300 – 350 per female in leaf tissues on either side of the midrib and the leaf sheath. root rot of castor: 3. brown blotches and streaks appear on lower leaves Blast (leaf, neck [rotten neck], nodal and collar)

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